The role of vitamin A in non-ruminant immunology

Vitamin A (retinol) is an essential micronutrient with a crucial role in the immune system of non-ruminant animals, such as swine and poultry. It includes three chemical compounds distinct properties functions body: retinol, retinal, retinoic acid. In monogastric feed, vitamin primarily present form retinyl esters. The metabolism dietary esters involves their conversion to which then transported different tissues cells for further into active forms These have been found play regulating both innate adaptive responses. Specifically, they are involved differentiation, proliferation, function T B lymphocytes, well dendritic cells. deficiency can lead impaired cellular immunity, reduced antibody production, consequently increased susceptibility infections. poultry, hypovitaminosis also affect gut-associated lymphoid tissues, leading gut-related health problems compromised growth performance. On other hand, supplementation has shown immunomodulatory effects on By administering or supplementing cell cytokine secretion be enhanced, ultimately result improved disease resistance. Therefore, potential applications immuno-micronutrient improving preventing diseases However, optimal dosage timing need carefully determined based specific requirements species production stages. Overall, better understanding nutritional immunology could significant implications animal productivity inform development effective strategies optimize prevent domestic fowl. This review paper aims offer valuable insights non-ruminants while emphasizing current gaps knowledge areas research.